Climate

It is very posible that another ice age could acure in the next 100 years all due to the unnormal changes of climate in the past years. As the Arctic warms greenhouse gases will be released from  permafrost faster and at significantly higher temparature levels than previous times,

Permafrost thaw will release about the same amount of carbon as deforestation, state different scientists, but the effect on climate will be 2.5 times bigger because emissions include methane, which has a greater effect on warming than carbon dioxide.

The scientists created a survey, that is  led by "University of Florida researcher Edward Schuur and University of Alaska Fairbanks graduate student Benjamin Abbott", the climate experts were asked "what percentage of the surface permafrost is likely to thaw, how much carbon will be released and how much of that carbon will be methane." The experts stated that the  estimate that the amount of carbon released by 2100 will be 1.7 to 5.2 times larger than reported in recent studies, which used a similar warming scenario.


In my oppinion, this is possible because of all the ways humans use to pullute earth, we are tearing down the ozon and reaserch has shown and proved this to be correct, the winters have been getting warmer, and if we keep this "greenhouse effect" going on it is very possible that we will encounter an Ice age.



http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111130161535.htm
Science Daily

The Early Atmosphere

Dinisours, early Human all examples of great history but imagine the History of the Early Worlds Atmosphere. Scientists in the "New York Center for Astrobiology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute" have tested the oldest minerals on Earth to "rebuilt" the atmospheric conditions on Earth very soon after its birth. The findings, which were found in  December. 1  are the first evidence of what the ancient atmosphere of the planet was like soon after its formation and directly challenge years of research on the type of atmosphere out of which life arose on the planet.

The scientists show that the atmosphere of Earth, 500 million years after its creation was not a methane, filled planet as previously stated, it was much closer to the conditions of our current atmosphere.

For many years, scientists believed that the atmosphere of early Earth was highly reduce (the oxygen was limited.) Such poor oxygen conditions would have resulted in an atmosphere filled with noxious methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. To date, there remain widely held theories and studies of how life on Earth may have been built out of this deadly atmosphere cocktail.

Now, scientists at Rensselaer are turning these atmospheric beliefs with findings that prove the conditions on early Earth were simply not conducive to the formation of this type of atmosphere, but rather to an atmosphere dominated by the more oxygen-rich compounds found within our current atmosphere including water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.


This was a unique discovery for me, I honestly thought that the the Atmosphere could change but it shows that it has the same structer as before. I was also very interested in how it was formed and that it was also being harmed in the early stanges of Earths Life.


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111130141855.htm
Science Daily

The Dying stars

If you ever wondered how you would know when a star is dying you must read this! The Scientists and astronemers have desided to close to their goal of observing a star just before it goes supernova.

The study, that was submitted in a paper to the "Astrophysical Journal", has  the latest result from an Ohio State University galaxy survey going on with the Large Binocular Telescope, found in Arizona.

In the first survey , the researchers have scaned about 25 nearby galaxies for stars that brighten and go dark in unusual ways, in order to see a few that are about to meet their end. In the three years since the study began, thw "particular unnamed binary system in the Whirlpool Galaxy" was the first among the stars that the astronemers cataloged to produce a supernova.

The astronomers were trying to find out if there are patterns of brightening or dimming that show the end of a stars life. Instead, they saw one star in this "binary system" go dark before the other one exploded in a supernova during the summer of 2011.

Though the scientist are still looking through the data, it's very likely that they didn't get any direct observations of the star that exploded only its much brighter partner.

A principal investigator Christopher Kochanek (professor of astronomy at Ohio State and the Ohio Eminent Scholar in Observational Cosmology), does not beleive that the first result was a disappointment. "Rather, it's a proof of concept."


I found this Amazingly interesting to find out how it looks like when I star dies, but it also interesting that you cant tell when it died because even when a star dies its lights still shines for a wild and because we dont know how far away from us it is we dont know when it died.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111130142228.htm
Science Daily

Uh Oh Gammaray

 Would you freak out if I told you that a gammaray explosion migh accur? Dont bother because ot allready did. An amazing  cosmic explosion first detected by NASA's great observatory it happened on Christmas day it was caused by either a novel type of supernova located billions of lightyears away or an unusual collision very close to our galaxy. Papers describing both interpretations appear in the Dec. 1 issue of the journal Nature

Gammaray explosions  are the universe's most lighted and dangereus explosions, it emitting more energy in a few seconds than our sun will during its entire life. What astronomers are calling this the "Christmas burst" they also state that it is "so unusual that it can be modeled in such radically different ways."

"What the Christmas burst seems to be telling us is that the family of gamma-ray bursts is more diverse than we fully appreciate," said Christina Thoene (the supernova study's lead author) scienctists are rapidly detecting hundreds of them, in some cases the scientists  can catch some of them.

What happens is that the crushed core that forms when a star much bigger than  the sun's mass explodes. When the star's fuel is exhausted, it destroys under its own weight, pushing on its core so much that about a half million times Earths mass is squeezed into a ball no larger than a city. And then explodes.


Wow. I find these gammaray bursts increadibly interesting they can last about 7 to 8 minutes but can whipe out an enitire galaxy. There is even a 1/13billion chance that it can happen to us this very second. They are amung the most powerfull rays, for this to happen and be seen by scientists is  wonderfull and excrusiating.


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111130171058.htm Science Daily, Nov.30.2011

New Planet

PLANET SIMULARE TO EARTH 

Some of the people out there today, beleive that us humans are the only ones to have a planet that has such caracteristics that can keep us as humans alive, and our agriculture, those people are wrong Nasa Has discovered a planet that has simulare characteristics to Earth. The "NASA Kepler Mission" was designed to find and anylize planets in the Milky Way galexy that are Earth sized or in a "habitable Zone" these planets must have a system in which liquid water can exsist, and to find out  how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have these planets. And now the Nasa project has another planet on the list "Kepler".

A research team led by Steve Howell  (a NASA Ames Researcher), has proved that one of the brightest stars in the "Kepler star field" has a planet with a radius only 1.6 that of Earth's radius and a mass no greater that 10 Earth masses, it  circles a parent star with a 2.8-day period. In such a short time, and a very bright star, the team has over 65 astronomers! Acording to NASA these austronouts are David Silva, Ken Mighell and Mark Everett of the National Optical. The Astronomy Observatory needed multiple telescopes to support and confirm their "Kepler observations." These were the 4-meter Mayall telescope and the WIYN telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory.

With a period of only 2.8 days, this planet, is only about 6 million kilometers away from its parent star. Kepler 21b is far hotter than any place humans could venture. The team states that the temperature at the surface of the planet is about 626 C. This temperature is  not even close to  the habitable zone in which liquid water might be found, the planet's size is simulare to Earths.

Chemical Reactions Lab

Name of Lab: Chemical Reactions

Guiding Question:

How do we know if a chemical reaction has occured?

Hypothesis:

I know because we can see the physical change, and latter we can see the difference in the chemical change.

Materials:

1. Sodium Carbonate
2. Calcium Chloride
3. Hydrochloric Acid
4. Copper Sulfate
5. Aluminum Foil
6. Zinc Pieces
7. Baking Soda
8. Vinegar (Acetic Acid)
9. Magnesium Tablets
10. Spatula
11. Graduated Cylinders
12. Stirrer
13. Candles
14. Goggles
15. Beakers/Baby food Jar

Data Table:

Reactions	Observation after reaction	Predictions	Observations during reactions	Observation after reaction
Baking soda + Vinegar	No changes when nothing is added	It will fizz up and Overflow	Began to fizz, but barely came over the top	The liquid settled, and a lot less liquid
Sugar+ Heat	Normal without changes	It will melt and become sticky, and caramelized	It began melting and burning, and blackening up	Al burned, some of the suger was sticky, the aluminum foil was all burned and created Carbon
Copper Sulfate + Sodium	Nothing Abnormal	It will most likely fizz, and change color	Only began to change color and also changed shape.	It was blue, and the object was gooey
Zinc piece + HCL	Nothing different	It will change color	Bubbles started forming, and the zinc became darker.	Gave of hydrogen gas, plus the Zinc became black
Calcium Chloride + Sodium	Nothing Abnormal	It will change color	Turning into a witish mixture	Became whit
Copper Sulfate + aluminum	Nothing Abnormal	Change color	Began to change color and replace atoms	Became red
Starch + Iodine	Everything was normal	Change color	Began to change color	Becam Purple

Analysis Of Data:

My prediction was right for most of the Elements. Some of them began to fizz up which is a physical change such as baking soda and vinegar. Others turned into different colors such as Starch combined with Iodine, or Copper Sulfate combined with Aluminum. The products always changed after the chemical reaction ended, it either changed color or it still fizzed a little, but something was the same after the reaction ended the final result had a feature that the starting experiment also had This was that it was calm that it created a new "element." Some of the ways that my hypothesis was right was because of the fizzing and the color change, it also came to a melting point or began to burn, such as the Aluminum Foil and Sugar combined with heat.

Conclusion:

"How do we know if a chemical reaction has occurred?" I believe that I answered this perfectly, "By seeing the physical and chemical change" my hypothesis was correct every single experiment changed and as it was changing i was able to write down how it is changing, and I could only do that because I recognized the physical and chemical change.

Further Inquiry:

I think that this procedure was well done, but I would also change a few things such as putting more of an ingredient, or mix different compounds, but a question that I would certainly ask myself is "How does the amount of one element effect the final result?"

Lab Outline

Name Of Lab: Elephant Toothpaste

Guiding Question: How will the physical and chemicle features change if a little more of a liquid is added?

Hypothesis: I believe that the more hydrogen peroxid there with be thicker foam, but if you add more potasium it will most likely be much longer.

Materials Used:

1. 50-100 of 30% hydrogen peroxide sulution.

2. Saturates potassium iodide (KI) solution

3. Detergent

4. Food coloring.

prezi

http://prezi.com/7jyiaxbneslo/edit/#0

Atom simulator

1. What happens when you add a proton?
When you add a proton to anempty atom,you get hydrogen. When a proton is added to an atom the atom usualy becomes stable.

2. What does it mean when an atom is stable?

3. What does it mean when an atom is unstable?
A stable atom is one that is able to hold the nucleus together, the neutrons, protons, and electrons. Unstable atoms are always radioactive. They are unable to hold all of the “parts” together, and therefore the atom becomes radioactive. Radioactive materials are made up of unstable atoms, that don’t have enough “binding energy” to hold themselves together.

4. How do you make an atom stable?

5. What do you need to do?

To make an atom stable, you need to add or take away some amount of protons, depending on the amount of neutrons that the atom has. The easiest way to stabilize an atom is to have the same amount of neutrons and protons in it, but sometimes elements like Helium, that belong with the Nobel gases, has only one neutron and two protons, the element will stay atoms will be stable.

6. What is the valence electron pattern as you move across the periodic table?

The valance electrons are, electrons that are put in the outer shell of an atom. These electrons can become a “part” of another atom, or can be share with the other atom. When valent electrons "connect" with atoms compunds are created. The valence electron pattern in the periodic table is very easy to see. When you go across a period, the number of valence electrons increases. When you start a new period,, the number of valence electrons decreases, and usually loses 1. Then, the number starts increasing again.

7. What happens to the atom when there is more protons, more neutrons, or more electrons?
The atom becomes unstable, but like in the case of helium, there are some exceptions!

8. What's the difference between a positive and a negative ion?

Ions are formed when an element, or an atom, it either loses or gains an electron. An ion becomes positively charged, when it loses an electron, because in then the number of protons gets bigger than the number of electrons. An ion is negatively charged if the opposite thing happens; an atom gains an electron. In then, there are more electrons then protons.

prezi

http://prezi.com/7jyiaxbneslo/silicon/

Current event 10 (New solar system)

There are many different solar systems, in our universe, we know this as a fact, but a new NASA telescope has detected another solar system, I will be talking about this new solar system.

NASA's “Spitzer Space Telescope” has detected signs of lots icy bodies raining in an alien solar system. The downpour is our own solar system billions years ago during a time known as the "Late Heavy Bombardment," which may have brought water and other life forming ingredients to Earth.

During this time, comets and other frosty objects that were shot out from the outer solar system smacked and damaged some of the inner planets. The hail hit our moon and due to that our moon produced large amounts of dust.

Now “theSpitzer” has spotted a band of dust around a star in the northern sky called “Eta Corvi” that has the same the materialof an obliterated giant comet. This dust is located close enough to the “Eta Corvi” that Earth like worlds could exist, which could lead to a collision t between a planet and comets. The “Eta Corvi” system is approximately one billion years old, which researchers think is about the “right age for such a hailstorm.”

Current Events 9 (MORE CO2 consumed in RAINFORESTS)

Have you ever thought to yourself; "hmmm... there’s not a lot of oxygen here" well what if I tell you that you are soooo very wrong, because science and research has shown, that in only a couple of years, trees (rainforests) will observe more carbon dioxide, therefore it is able to produce more oxygen, and we know for a fact that humans need oxygen.

North American forests appear to have a greater capacity to soak up “heat trapping” carbon dioxide gas than researchers had already thought about.

As a result, they could help slow the pace of climate warming caused by humans, most scientists had thought, a U-M ecologist and his colleagues have concluded this.

The results of a 12,year long study at an lab in “northeastern Wisconsin challenge” a lot of guesses and arguing about how future forests will respond to the rising levels of carbon dioxide “blamed for human caused climate changes,” stated University of Michigan microbial ecologist Donald Zak, lead author of a paper published online this week in Ecology Letters.

"Some of the initial assumptions about ecosystem response are not correct and will have to be revised," stated Zak, a professor at the U-M School of Natural Resources and Environment and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.Have you ever thought to yourself; "hmmm... there’s not a lot of oxygen here" well what if I tell you that you are soooo very wrong, because science and research has shown, that in only a couple of years, trees (rainforests) will observe more carbon dioxide, therefore it is able to produce more oxygen, and we know for a fact that humans need oxygen.

North American forests appear to have a greater capacity to soak up “heat trapping” carbon dioxide gas than researchers had already thought about.

As a result, they could help slow the pace of climate warming caused by humans, most scientists had thought, a U-M ecologist and his colleagues have concluded this.

The results of a 12,year long study at an lab in “northeastern Wisconsin challenge” a lot of guesses and arguing about how future forests will respond to the rising levels of carbon dioxide “blamed for human caused climate changes,” stated University of Michigan microbial ecologist Donald Zak, lead author of a paper published online this week in Ecology Letters.

"Some of the initial assumptions about ecosystem response are not correct and will have to be revised," stated Zak, a professor at the U-M School of Natural Resources and Environment and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.

Periodic table Metals and non metals

Phasas Of the moon

Some important questions that Should be able to be answered from the simulation are:

What did you notice about the phases of the moon? Why do we see different parts of the moon each night? What is a lunar month?

I noticed that the angle that the sun is reflecting at and the way the moon is placed creates different shadows of the moon, this is how we have different "types of moons."

The reason that we see different types of moons every night is because the moon is rotated in a different angle, and the moon is still the same the only difference is the shade.

A lunar month is the time that it takes from one new moon to the next, usually 29,5 days

Irradiated food or not?

During class we debated wether radiated food is good or bad. There are many problems in food irradiation some of them are the loss of taste, can cause cancer, sometimes it can be poisiness.

Some pros for irradiation are:

1. Can provent cancer.
2. Grows faster.
3. Helps pregnancy.
4. Stays fresh for long time.

The Cons for irradiation are:

• Leeds to deaseses
• Un-natural.

Noise Pollution

Noise Pollution

Have you ever thought about noise pollution, or noise that can hurt you. Well if you didn’t then you will after I you read this Report. I will tell you how its caused what are its effects and my opinion on it, and conclude the final sentences.

Causes:

There are many different thing that can cause noise pollution, noise pollution is unwanted it can cause problems physically and mentally. It is caused by indoor noises and outdoor noises Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. The indoor noises that cause noise pollution are loud house hold objects and loud bands. There are many more outdoor noises then indoor, some of them are transport, bands, yelling, sometimes and workers that build can cause a lot of noise, there are many more different types of noise pollution. But it is important to know that we are not the only people that are affected by noise pollution such as household animals, and the environment. Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfering the use of the sounds in communication especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing.

Effects:

There are different effects to noise pollution some of them are high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks. Noise pollution usually effects older men exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease at the age 60 (or older)

Conclusion:

My opinion on noise pollution is that it is mostly hurtful toward the health, but sometimes it isn’t bad, it can be (in some situation) that only the seniors can be affected by it. But in a lot of cases it causes harm sometimes even death, because if you can’t hear that’s one of the components in life that you are missing.

Tuning Fork

Tuning forks lab

GUIDING QUESTION/S:
How does density of various solids affect the way the sound waves travel from the tuning fork?

HYPOTHESIS:
Lukas Hypothesis: I believe that the denser solids decrease the speed of a sound wave. There for the various solids will cause the sound to travel slower through the sound fork, because it takes longer for the sound to get to the fork itself.
Brin’s Hypothesis: I believe that the more density an object has decreases the speed at which the sound wave travels in. Different solids will cause sound waves to travel slower through the sound fork because it will take more time for the sound to get to the fork.

Exploration:
Materials:

1. Table
2. Wooden oak door
3. Lockers made of steal
4. board (metal with plastic)
5. Cemeny Floor

Procedure:

1. First You must get 2 tuning forks of different sizes.
2. Then you must git them both against an object.
3. Put the 2 bottom tips onto the material.
4. Then listen and record what you hear.

Data Tables:

Material	Density	observation
Lockers	7.85 g/cm3	Tuning Fork 384 G: Higher pitch and silent. Tuning Fork 384 G Large: Lower Pitch and Loud.
board	2.8 g/cm3	Tuning Fork 384 G: Lower Pitch , Louder Tuning Fork 384 G Large: Higher Pitch, silent
Table	0.75 g/cm3	Tuning Fork 384 G: Higher Pitch, Silent Tuning Fork 384 G Large: Lower pitch, Louder
Wall	3.12 g/cm3	Tuning Fork 384 G: High Pitched, barley heard Tuning Fork 384 G Large: Lower Pitch heard.
Cement floor	3.12 g/cm3	Tuning Fork 384 G: Higher Pitched, Exactly the same Tuning Fork 384 G Large:Higher Pitched, Exactly the same

Brin’s Analysis of Data:
In this lab I figured out that the Higher pitch of the tuning fork is always more silent than the lower pitch. This is proven through my data table, no mater if the fork is larger or smaller the higher pitch is always more silent. Only once was the pitch the same and what I heard was also exactly the same, this was on the cement floor.

Brin’s Conclusion:
I believe that the more density an object has decreases the speed at which the sound wave travels in. Different solids will cause sound waves to travel slower through the sound fork because it will take more time for the sound to get to the fork. This is correct because in my data I saw that the more density the lower pitched it was. The most obvious place I figured this out because the lockers created the most sound.
Luka’s Conclusion:


Brin’s Further Inquiry:
I believe that I could have had more varieties of things I could use to figure out my answers, to verify if the answers are truly correct.


Luka’s Further Inquiry: